The object broke up 30 kilometers up under the enormous stress of entering the atmosphere at high speed. The team showed that the shape of the damaged area could be explained from the fact that the energy was deposited over a range of altitudes. Popova and Jenniskens visited over 50 villages in the area and found that the shockwave caused damage about 90 kilometers (50 miles) on either side of the trajectory. ![]() Shockwaves from the airburst broke windows, rattled buildings and even knocked people from their feet. The largest single piece, weighing about 650 kilograms, was recovered from the bed of Lake Chebarkul in October by a team from Ural Federal University led by Professor Viktor Grokhovsky. The dust cloud was so hot it glowed orange. Most of the rest converted to dust and only a small fraction (4,000 to 6,000 kilograms, or less than 0.05 percent) fell to the ground as meteorites. The team estimated that about three-quarters of the meteoroid evaporated at that point. For nearby observers it briefly appeared brighter than the sun and caused some severe sunburns. The meteor's brightness peaked at an altitude of 29.7 km (18.5 miles) as the object exploded. (A meteoroid is the original object a meteor is the "shooting star" in the sky and a meteorite is the object that reaches the ground.) ![]() "Our meteoroid entry modeling showed that the impact was caused by a 20-meter sized single chunk of rock that efficiently fragmented at 30 km altitude," Popova said. The explosion was equivalent to about 600 thousand tons of TNT, 150 times bigger than the 2012 Sutter's Mill meteorite in California.īased on viewing angles from videos of the fireball, the team calculated that the meteoroid entered Earth's atmosphere at just over 19 kilometers per second, slightly faster than had previously been reported. "Our goal was to understand all circumstances that resulted in the damaging shock wave that sent over 1,200 people to hospitals in the Chelyabinsk Oblast area that day," said Jenniskens. The team was led by Olga Popova of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow, and by NASA Ames and SETI Institute meteor astronomer Peter Jenniskens, and included 57 other researchers from nine countries. The Chelyabinsk meteorite belongs to the most common type of meteorite, an "ordinary chondrite." If a catastrophic meteorite strike were to occur in the future, it would most likely be an object of this type, Yin said. Marty and the girls’ neighbor Joey become rivals, each helping the team at large figure out how to stop an asteroid with just the technology available in 1908… plus a few things they can easily steal from various different points in history."If humanity does not want to go the way of the dinosaurs, we need to study an event like this in detail," said Qing-zhu Yin, professor in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at UC Davis.Ĭhelyabinsk was the largest meteoroid strike since the Tunguska event of 1908, and, thanks to modern technology from consumer video cameras to advanced laboratory techniques, provides an unprecedented opportunity to study such an event, the authors note. Elizabeth makes fast friends with Eva’s younger sister Hope. Gabe develops a crush on Eva, who teaches him more about their rival, the Evil Magician, whom Gabe learns is named Kakovoulos. ![]() The kids meet magicians and apprentices from all across time and space, teaming up with a trio from just ten years in their future. Their assignment: to stop an asteroid bound for 1908 London, the largest city on earth at the time. Not only will he be going along this time, but they will also need the help of other magicians and apprentices too. ![]() But then the magician himself shows up at the Lovejoys’ door one day, frantically summoning them in person to their biggest assignment yet. It’s been a year since Gabe, Marty, and Elizabeth’s last adventure, and Gabe is starting to wonder if Thrylos will ever summon them again.
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